Open loop marketing

  A Classification of Scaling techniques   SCALING TECHNIQUES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO   Comparative   Non-comparative     Comparative scales  involve  the direct comparison of stimulus objects. Comparative scale data must be interpreted in relative terms and have only ordinal or rank order properties.   Under comparative they are four kind of techniques   1.paired  comparison   2.rank order   3.constant sum   4.q sort  and other  procedures     In non-comparative scales, each object is scaled independently of the others in the stimulus set. The resulting data are generally assumed to be interval or ratio scaled.   Under non comparative scales they are two kinds   1.continuous rating scales   2.itemized rating scales   Again,  under itemized scaling they are three kind   1.likert   2.semantic differential   3.stapel     Paired comparison ...

  Discriminant analysis     A technique for analyzing data when the dependent variable is categorical on  nominal  scale.   The predictor or independent variables are interval in nature.   For  e.g. :   The dependent variable may be the choice of a brand of laptop (A, B and C) and the independent variables may be ratings of attributes on a 7-point Likert\ scale.   When the dependent variable has two categories, the technique is known as  two group discriminant analysis.   When three or more categories are  involved,  the technique is referred to as  multiple discriminant analysis.   In two – group  case,  it is possible to derive only one discriminant function but in multiple discriminant  analysis, more  than one function may be computed.  

  Casual research design:   It is basically cause and effect relationship.   If x is independent variable.    Y is dependent variable.    If there is a change in x then there  will  be change in y also     Conditions for causality  : 1.Concomitant variation: There should be association between dependent and independent variable.   2.Time of occurrence: It should be occurred before or ongoing  process it should not occur after the process.   3.Absence of other possible casual factor: the other factors which are out of control should be nullified.   Validity in casual research experimentation   1 internal validity: refers to the manipulation of independent variables or treatment actually caused by dependent variables and control of extraneous variables is necessary.   2.external validity:    You have to design internal validity in such way that results can be generalized  to mass . ...