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casual research design



 Casual research design: 

It is basically cause and effect relationship. 

If x is independent variable. 

 Y is dependent variable. 

 If there is a change in x then there will be change in y also 

 

Conditions for causality :


  1. 1.Concomitant variation: There should be association between dependent and independent variable. 


  1. 2.Time of occurrence: It should be occurred before or ongoing  process it should not occur after the process. 


  1. 3.Absence of other possible casual factor: the other factors which are out of control should be nullified. 


Validity in casual research experimentation 


1 internal validity: refers to the manipulation of independent variables or treatment actually caused by dependent variables and control of extraneous variables is necessary. 


2.external validity:  You have to design internal validity in such way that results can be generalized to mass. 


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